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See how the world voted! View the top 100 moments in history.
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President Obama recently announced plans to scrap NASA’s Constellation moon-landing project and to redirect funding toward programs that will lay the groundwork for a 2030 Mars expedition. This month JOM asks, what is the impact of the new priorities for NASA?
• The United States will lose its status as a worldwide leader of human spaceflight
• Scientific advancement will be stalled as R&D funding is redirected
• Commercial space launch services will be stimulated to fill the void left by NASA’s new priorities
• The U.S. space program will ultimately be better positioned for deep space exploration
The poll is conducted via the JOM Reader Zone of the TMS Discussion Board. |
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JOM OCTOBER 2006
VOLUME 58, NO.10
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![October 2006 Cover: While the inside pages of this month's issue consider lead’s utilitarian benefits, the cover focuses more on the aesthetic attributes of galena. The gray galena chunk has on its surfaces sphalerite, which looks like tiny black crystals, and siderite, small, yellow-tan crystals. The sample comes from Romania's Turt Mine, and is among the many eye-catching minerals in the collection of Bret Howard and June Epp. The couple, from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, shared images of some of their standout specimens that fit this month's extractive theme. See more photos in the the article beginning on page 11. Photo by June Epp. [Click to enlarge]](http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0610/cover-0610.gif)
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Lead: Non-Battery Applications
Cobalt: Winning, Recycling, Applications
Smelters: Gas Handling |
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Cobalt—Its Recovery, Recycling, and Application
By: Shijie Wang
Professional Preface
By: Various
The Young Leader
By: Various
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Lead: Non-battery Applications: Lead Zinc Committee
Andreas Siegmund, Quemetco Metals, Inc.
Cobalt: Winning, Recycling, and Applications: Copper Nickel Cobalt Committee
Joel Kapusta, Air Liquide Canada
Smelter Gas Handling: Pyrometallurgy Committee
Rob Stephens, Teck Cominco Metals Ltd. |
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Published monthly by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society for its members, JOM is a technical journal devoted to exploring the many aspects of materials science and engineering.
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LEAD: NON-BATTERY APPLICATIONS
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Beyond Batteries: Other Trends in the Demand for Lead
[p. 24
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Author(s): David N. Wilson
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Lead has been used for more than 8,000 years and has had important industrial applications for at least 2,000 years. At various times, different uses have dominated demand for the metal. Lead pipes, roofing, type metal, paints, cable sheathing, and batteries have all held significant shares of the market at some point in history and the pattern of demand is constantly changing. Today the dominant use of lead is for batteries, which account for almost 80% of demand. However, the remaining 20% includes some important applications. This paper analyzes trends in demand for these uses in order to provide some insight into what the future may hold.
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Lead Alloys for Permanent Anodes in the Nonferrous Metals Industry
[p. 28
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Author(s): Aaron Felder and R. David Prengaman
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This paper reviews the common lead alloys associated with insoluble anodes in different metal deposition operations. Metallographic techniques were used to evaluate microstructures as they relate to physical and mechanical properties. Alloy additions and manufacturing processes are examined as appropriate methods to meet the performance needs of a lead anode.
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COBALT: WINNING, RECYCLING, AND APPLICATIONS
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Cobalt Production and Markets: A Brief Overview
[p. 33
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Author(s): Joel P.T. Kapusta
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In addition to introducing the three papers that form the theme “Cobalt: Winning, Recycling, and Applications,” this commentary presents a brief overview of the cobalt industry.
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Expanding the Cobalt Recovery Circuit at the Thompson Nickel Refinery
[p. 37
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Author(s): Peter Jebbinnk, Rinaldo Stefan, Dave Neff, and Marcus Tomlinson
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The cobalt recovery circuit at the Inco Thompson nickel refinery needed to be expanded to allow the treatment of concentrate from the recently commissioned Voisey’s Bay project. Due to higher cobalt grades than historically processed, the capacity of the cobalt circuit needed to be increased from 400 tonnes to 1,000 tonnes of cobalt per year. This paper describes the process used at Thompson and the philosophy employed to determine what additional equipment was needed to de-bottleneck the plant, allowing the additional throughput.
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The Design-of-Experiment Optimization and Development of Cobalite Ore Mineral Processing
[p. 43
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Author(s): Corby G. Anderson
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Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical technologies can be tedious, time consuming, and costly. This paper outlines the use of proven statistical design-of-experimentation software for rapid laboratory testing and optimization of mineral processing of cobaltite ore with limited representative sample utilization.
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Cobalt—Its Recovery, Recycling, and Application
[p. 47
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Author(s): Shijie Wang
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Although cobalt is one of the least abundant elements compared to copper and nickel, it is an important part of the composition of nearly all alloys developed since the 19th century and has been of considerable interest in recent years. In this paper, cobalt processes that were developed for mixed ore are summarized. New cobalt purification and electrodeposition developments are described, and the most important aspects of cobalt recycling and application are also presented.
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A Correlation-Based Model for Predicting Gas Extraction Performance in a Copper Converting Plant
[p. 51
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Author(s): C.B. Solnordal, P.J. Witt, A. Manzoori, H. Namavari, E. Niknejad, and M. Davari
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To help improve hygiene in a copper smelter building, a correlation-based computer model of the gas extraction system was developed and used in conjunction with experimental observations to investigate the effects of process parameters on extraction performance. The model predicted that 28% of the total flow originated from in-leakage, and reduction of the in-leakage would cause a nearly equivalent amount of infiltration through the converter hoods, thus reducing fugitive emissions. It was also found that improved operational practices (closing and maintaining hood gates, isolating converters on standby) could double the draft within the converter hoods while decreasing the total flow rate by nearly 10%.
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S-Furnace Roof Modifications at Xstrata Copper, Timmins, Canada
[p. 56
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Author(s): Allan MacRae and John Lenz
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Flat panel coolers in smelter furnace roofs are simpler to hang than traditional roofs as only one suspension system is required. Vertical and horizontal installation and operability issues associated with brick-cooler systems and brick supported by coolers are eliminated. Flat panel coolers offer a cost-effective alternative to alternating brick and cooler designs. Minor gas leaks between panels are relatively easy to re-seal using castable applied to the cold face.
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Increasing the Capacity of High-Efficiency Diffusion Fiber Beds in Smelter Gas Plants
[p. 59
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Author(s): Steven A. Ziebold and Douglas E. Azwell
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There are many available options to help increase capacity in existing sulfuric acid plants. Several advancements in debottlenecking mist eliminator installations have been made over the years that resulted in increased plant production. Diffusion fiber bed devices, which collect particles by interception and impaction, also provide high-efficiency removal of fine submicrometer particles by Brownian diffusion. This article considers how to increase the capacity of diffusion fiber bed mist eliminators.
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From the Open Pit to the Open Market: Minerals Find Added Value as Collectibles
[p. 11
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Author(s): Maureen Byko
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In quarries and mines around the world, ores are being extracted from their earthen confines and sent on to a better place—a place where minerals are art and where collectors pay top dollar for prize specimens. Numerous colorful photos accompany this article about the world of mineral collecting.
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Re-Engineering Engineering Education for the Challenges of the 21st Century
[p. 14
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Author(s): Gretar Tryggvason and Diran Apelian
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Engineering education and the profession are confronting a challenging crossroad. Some of us see it as a crisis, others, as an opportunity for positioning our community and our society for the 21st century. It would be fair to say, however, that none of us are very satisfied with the status quo and what seems to be facing us in the near term.
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The Extraction of Lead from Its Ores by the Iron-Reduction Process: A Historical Perspective
[p. 18
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Author(s): R.K. Dube
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The iron-reduction process for extracting lead from its ores, as practiced in different parts of the world, is reviewed and discussed in this paper based on literary and documentary evidence. It has been shown that the early 14th century Indian reference of Thakkura Pheru appears to be the first evidence on this subject. This process was most vigorously adopted for the production of lead in Germany during the 18th and 19th centuries. Developments in the original iron-reduction process were also carried out in Germany, wherein the reductant iron was produced in-situ by the carbothermic reduction of iron-bearing material in the lead smelter itself. This process eventually replaced the original iron-reduction process in Germany in the later part of the 19th century.
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Foundation News
[p. 10
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Author(s): Anonymous
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In September, the TMS Foundation sent two students to represent TMS at the 2006 Junior Euromat Conference in Lausanne, Switzerland. Foundation News presents the reflections of one of those student travelers.
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In the Final Analysis
[p. 2
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Author(s): James J. Robinson
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This is one of only three printed issues of JOM being distributed to student members in 2006. As editor, knowing that the journal will have an especially high profile with student readers presents a unique challenge: Do we conduct editorial business as usual or do we break the mold and try for something different?
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News and Update
[p. 4, 6
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Author(s): Anonymouus
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A look at the 2005 operations of selected copper production companies based on information published in those companies’ annual reports.
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Meetings Calendar
[p. 63
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Author(s): Anonymous
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A monthly round-up of soon-to-be-held meetings and upcoming calls for papers.
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Materials Resource Center: Jobs, Consultants, Marketplace
[p. 68, 70
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Author(s): Various
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Positions and services available. (You may view "Consultants Directory" or "Classifieds" in HTML format or click on the button to download both departments as they appear in the print version of the journal.)
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End Notes: “A Puzzling Collection: Mechanical Brainteasers Challenge and Entertain”
[p. 72
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Author(s): Kelly Roncone
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Jerry Slocum, a retired mechanical engineer, likes mechanical puzzles so much that he has accumulated roughly 30,000 of them. This summer, the Lilly Library at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, opened the doors to the Slocum puzzle room, which contains hundreds of puzzles from his collection.
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Professional Preface
[p. insert 1
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Author(s): Various
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A newsletter for student members.
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The Young Leader
[p. insert 2
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Author(s): Various
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News for the young professionals in TMS.
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![October 2006 Cover: While the inside pages of this month's issue consider lead’s utilitarian benefits, the cover focuses more on the aesthetic attributes of galena. The gray galena chunk has on its surfaces sphalerite, which looks like tiny black crystals, and siderite, small, yellow-tan crystals. The sample comes from Romania's Turt Mine, and is among the many eye-catching minerals in the collection of Bret Howard and June Epp. The couple, from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, shared images of some of their standout specimens that fit this month's extractive theme. See more photos in the the article beginning on page 11. Photo by June Epp. [Click to enlarge]](http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0610/cover-0610.large.gif)